Resources of Water in Nature [Fitrat Ki Nishaniyan]

Resources of Water in Nature [Fitrat Ki Nishaniyan] نشانیاں

Like many substances, water can take numerous forms that are broadly categorized by a phase of matter. The liquid phase is the most common among water’s phases (within the Earth’s atmosphere and surface) and is the form that is generally denoted by the word “water.” The solid phase of water is known as ice and commonly takes the structure of hard, amalgamated crystals, such as ice cubes, or loosely accumulated granular crystals, like snow. For a list of the many different crystallines and amorphous forms of solid H2O, see the article ice. The gaseous phase of water is known as water vapour (or steam) and is characterized by water assuming the configuration of a transparent cloud.

(Note that the visible steam and clouds are, in fact, water in the liquid form as minute droplets suspended in the air.)

The fourth state of water, that of a supercritical fluid, is much less common than the other three and only rarely occurs in nature, in extremely uninhabitable conditions. When water achieves a specific critical temperature and a specific critical pressure (647 K and 22.064 MPa), liquid and gas phase merge to one homogeneous fluid phase, with properties of both gas and liquid. One example of naturally occurring supercritical water is found in the hottest parts of deep water hydrothermal vents, in which water is heated to the critical temperature by scalding volcanic plumes and achieves the critical pressure because of the crushing weight of the ocean at the extreme depths at which the vents are located. Additionally, anywhere there is volcanic activity below a depth of 2.25 km (1.4 miles) can be expected to have water in the supercritical phase.

Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water is the current international standard for water isotopes. Naturally occurring water is almost completely composed of the neutron-less hydrogen isotope protium. Only 155 ppm include deuterium (2H or D), a hydrogen isotope with one neutron, and less than 20 parts per quintillion include tritium (3H or T), which has two. Heavy water is water with a higher-than-average deuterium content, up to 100%. Chemically, it is similar but not identical to normal water. This is because the nucleus of deuterium is twice as heavy as protium, and this causes noticeable differences in bonding energies.

Because water molecules exchange hydrogen atoms with one another, hydrogen-deuterium oxide (DOH) is much more common in low-purity heavy water than pure deuterium monoxide (D2O). Humans are generally unaware of taste differences, but sometimes report a burning sensation or sweet flavour. Rats, however, are able to avoid heavy water by smell. Toxic to many animals, heavy water is used in the nuclear reactor industry to moderate (slow down) neutrons.

Light water reactors are also common, where “light” simply designates normal water. Light water more specifically refers to deuterium-depleted water (DDW), water in which the deuterium content has been reduced below the standard 155ppm level. Light water has been found to be beneficial for improving cancer survival rates in mice and humans undergoing chemotherapy.

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