Theistic Metaphysics of Parmenides-Urdu

Theistic Metaphysics of Parmenides-Urdu

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Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 – 450 B.C.) was an early Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He was the founder and chief representative of the Eleatic School of ancient Greek philosophy. He is one of the most significant and influential (as well as the most difficult and obscure) of the Pre-Socratic philosophers. He is sometimes referred to as the father of Metaphysics. He particularly influenced Plato (and, through him, the whole of Western Philosophy), who always spoke of him with veneration. Perhaps his greatest contribution to philosophy was his method of reasoned proof for assertions. Theistic Metaphysics of Parmenides-Urdu

On Nature

He is one of the few known philosophers before Socrates. He gave up the customary prose of his Ionic ancestors and wrote a poem in hexameter, which survives in bits and pieces. The poem titled ‘On Nature’ was originally divided into three parts, namely the proem, the Alethia and the Doxa. It is an account of the narrator’s journey to meet a goddess, who unveils to him the secrets of existence.

The Journey

‘Proem’ contains the introductory verses of ‘On Nature’. He describes the journey of a young man who travels from the darkness of the night (ignorance) to the bright light (enlightenment) of the day, to meet a goddess who imparts him with knowledge of truth based on facts, and informs him of the validity of human opinion, which represents an aspect of the truth.

The Way of Truth

‘Alethia’ or ‘The Way of Truth’ debates the art of distinguishing the truth from opinions formed by humans. He states his famous theory of truth, according to which the reality of an object can be judged based on the phenomenon that it is and that it is not. There is nothing in-between existence and non-existence.

The Way of Opinion

In the third part of his poem, the ‘Doxa’ or ‘The Way of Opinion’, Parmenides shifts his philosophy to the origin of the universe by explaining the structuring of cosmos and deals with Pythagorean scientific theories. He further states that our perception of the world, formed through our sensory experiences, is often faulty and illusory.

Aspectual Views

If the problems of strict monism are to be avoided while maintaining the apparent universal, existential subject. It makes sense to seek some redemptive value for Opinion so that Parmenides neither:
a) denies the existence of the world as mortals know it,
nor
b) provides an extensively detailed account of that world just to dismiss it as entirely worthless. The primary strategy for redeeming the Opinion’s value has been to emphasize the epistemic inferiority of the Opinion while denying its complete lack of veracity. Such approaches also tend to simultaneously downplay any ontological/existential claims made in the poem.

Meta-Principle Views

His focus was on more abstract metaphysical considerations. Such approaches impute a primarily predictive (rather than existential) usage of the Greek word “to be” by Parmenides. Particularly with respect to the deductive argumentation found in Reality. Such approaches result in revealing the nature, or essence, of what any fundamental or genuine entity must be like.

First Rationalist

He, Parmenides, was The first rationalist, in this broad sense. Who argued that it is impossible to doubt that thinking actually occurs. But thinking must have an object. Therefore, something beyond thinking really exists. He deduced that what really exists must have certain properties. For example, it cannot come into existence or cease to exist, that it is a coherent whole. That it remains the same eternally (in fact, exists altogether outside time). Zeno of Elea (born c. 489 BCE) was a disciple of Parmenides and argued that motion is impossible since the assertion that it exists implies a contradiction.